1 % -*- mode: latex; TeX-master: "Vorbis_I_spec"; -*-
2 %!TEX root = Vorbis_I_spec.tex
4 \section{Residue setup and decode} \label{vorbis:spec:residue}
8 A residue vector represents the fine detail of the audio spectrum of
9 one channel in an audio frame after the encoder subtracts the floor
10 curve and performs any channel coupling. A residue vector may
11 represent spectral lines, spectral magnitude, spectral phase or
12 hybrids as mixed by channel coupling. The exact semantic content of
13 the vector does not matter to the residue abstraction.
15 Whatever the exact qualities, the Vorbis residue abstraction codes the
16 residue vectors into the bitstream packet, and then reconstructs the
17 vectors during decode. Vorbis makes use of three different encoding
18 variants (numbered 0, 1 and 2) of the same basic vector encoding
23 \subsection{Residue format}
25 Residue format partitions each vector in the vector bundle into chunks,
26 classifies each chunk, encodes the chunk classifications and finally
27 encodes the chunks themselves using the the specific VQ arrangement
28 defined for each selected classification.
29 The exact interleaving and partitioning vary by residue encoding number,
30 however the high-level process used to classify and encode the residue
31 vector is the same in all three variants.
33 A set of coded residue vectors are all of the same length. High level
34 coding structure, ignoring for the moment exactly how a partition is
35 encoded and simply trusting that it is, is as follows:
38 \item Each vector is partitioned into multiple equal sized chunks
39 according to configuration specified. If we have a vector size of
40 \emph{n}, a partition size \emph{residue_partition_size}, and a total
41 of \emph{ch} residue vectors, the total number of partitioned chunks
42 coded is \emph{n}/\emph{residue_partition_size}*\emph{ch}. It is
43 important to note that the integer division truncates. In the below
44 example, we assume an example \emph{residue_partition_size} of 8.
46 \item Each partition in each vector has a classification number that
47 specifies which of multiple configured VQ codebook setups are used to
48 decode that partition. The classification numbers of each partition
49 can be thought of as forming a vector in their own right, as in the
50 illustration below. Just as the residue vectors are coded in grouped
51 partitions to increase encoding efficiency, the classification vector
52 is also partitioned into chunks. The integer elements of each scalar
53 in a classification chunk are built into a single scalar that
54 represents the classification numbers in that chunk. In the below
55 example, the classification codeword encodes two classification
58 \item The values in a residue vector may be encoded monolithically in a
59 single pass through the residue vector, but more often efficient
60 codebook design dictates that each vector is encoded as the additive
61 sum of several passes through the residue vector using more than one
62 VQ codebook. Thus, each residue value potentially accumulates values
63 from multiple decode passes. The classification value associated with
64 a partition is the same in each pass, thus the classification codeword
65 is coded only in the first pass.
71 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{residue-pack}
72 \captionof{figure}{illustration of residue vector format}
77 \subsection{residue 0}
79 Residue 0 and 1 differ only in the way the values within a residue
80 partition are interleaved during partition encoding (visually treated
81 as a black box--or cyan box or brown box--in the above figure).
83 Residue encoding 0 interleaves VQ encoding according to the
84 dimension of the codebook used to encode a partition in a specific
85 pass. The dimension of the codebook need not be the same in multiple
86 passes, however the partition size must be an even multiple of the
89 As an example, assume a partition vector of size eight, to be encoded
90 by residue 0 using codebook sizes of 8, 4, 2 and 1:
92 \begin{programlisting}
94 original residue vector: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]
96 codebook dimensions = 8 encoded as: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]
98 codebook dimensions = 4 encoded as: [ 0 2 4 6 ], [ 1 3 5 7 ]
100 codebook dimensions = 2 encoded as: [ 0 4 ], [ 1 5 ], [ 2 6 ], [ 3 7 ]
102 codebook dimensions = 1 encoded as: [ 0 ], [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ]
106 It is worth mentioning at this point that no configurable value in the
107 residue coding setup is restricted to a power of two.
111 \subsection{residue 1}
113 Residue 1 does not interleave VQ encoding. It represents partition
114 vector scalars in order. As with residue 0, however, partition length
115 must be an integer multiple of the codebook dimension, although
116 dimension may vary from pass to pass.
118 As an example, assume a partition vector of size eight, to be encoded
119 by residue 0 using codebook sizes of 8, 4, 2 and 1:
121 \begin{programlisting}
123 original residue vector: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]
125 codebook dimensions = 8 encoded as: [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ]
127 codebook dimensions = 4 encoded as: [ 0 1 2 3 ], [ 4 5 6 7 ]
129 codebook dimensions = 2 encoded as: [ 0 1 ], [ 2 3 ], [ 4 5 ], [ 6 7 ]
131 codebook dimensions = 1 encoded as: [ 0 ], [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ]
137 \subsection{residue 2}
139 Residue type two can be thought of as a variant of residue type 1.
140 Rather than encoding multiple passed-in vectors as in residue type 1,
141 the \emph{ch} passed in vectors of length \emph{n} are first
142 interleaved and flattened into a single vector of length
143 \emph{ch}*\emph{n}. Encoding then proceeds as in type 1. Decoding is
144 as in type 1 with decode interleave reversed. If operating on a single
145 vector to begin with, residue type 1 and type 2 are equivalent.
148 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{residue2}
149 \captionof{figure}{illustration of residue type 2}
153 \subsection{Residue decode}
155 \subsubsection{header decode}
157 Header decode for all three residue types is identical.
158 \begin{programlisting}
159 1) [residue_begin] = read 24 bits as unsigned integer
160 2) [residue_end] = read 24 bits as unsigned integer
161 3) [residue_partition_size] = read 24 bits as unsigned integer and add one
162 4) [residue_classifications] = read 6 bits as unsigned integer and add one
163 5) [residue_classbook] = read 8 bits as unsigned integer
166 \varname{[residue_begin]} and
167 \varname{[residue_end]} select the specific sub-portion of
168 each vector that is actually coded; it implements akin to a bandpass
169 where, for coding purposes, the vector effectively begins at element
170 \varname{[residue_begin]} and ends at
171 \varname{[residue_end]}. Preceding and following values in
172 the unpacked vectors are zeroed. Note that for residue type 2, these
173 values as well as \varname{[residue_partition_size]}apply to
174 the interleaved vector, not the individual vectors before interleave.
175 \varname{[residue_partition_size]} is as explained above,
176 \varname{[residue_classifications]} is the number of possible
177 classification to which a partition can belong and
178 \varname{[residue_classbook]} is the codebook number used to
179 code classification codewords. The number of dimensions in book
180 \varname{[residue_classbook]} determines how many
181 classification values are grouped into a single classification
182 codeword. Note that the number of entries and dimensions in book
183 \varname{[residue_classbook]}, along with
184 \varname{[residue_classifications]}, overdetermines to
185 possible number of classification codewords.
186 If \varname{[residue_classifications]}\^{}\varname{[residue_classbook]}.dimensions
187 exceeds \varname{[residue_classbook]}.entries, the
188 bitstream should be regarded to be undecodable.
190 Next we read a bitmap pattern that specifies which partition classes
191 code values in which passes.
193 \begin{programlisting}
194 1) iterate [i] over the range 0 ... [residue_classifications]-1 {
197 3) [low_bits] = read 3 bits as unsigned integer
198 4) [bitflag] = read one bit as boolean
199 5) if ( [bitflag] is set ) then [high_bits] = read five bits as unsigned integer
200 6) vector [residue_cascade] element [i] = [high_bits] * 8 + [low_bits]
205 Finally, we read in a list of book numbers, each corresponding to
206 specific bit set in the cascade bitmap. We loop over the possible
207 codebook classifications and the maximum possible number of encoding
208 stages (8 in Vorbis I, as constrained by the elements of the cascade
209 bitmap being eight bits):
211 \begin{programlisting}
212 1) iterate [i] over the range 0 ... [residue_classifications]-1 {
214 2) iterate [j] over the range 0 ... 7 {
216 3) if ( vector [residue_cascade] element [i] bit [j] is set ) {
218 4) array [residue_books] element [i][j] = read 8 bits as unsigned integer
222 5) array [residue_books] element [i][j] = unused
231 An end-of-packet condition at any point in header decode renders the
232 stream undecodable. In addition, any codebook number greater than the
233 maximum numbered codebook set up in this stream also renders the
234 stream undecodable. All codebooks in array [residue_books] are
235 required to have a value mapping. The presence of codebook in array
236 [residue_books] without a value mapping (maptype equals zero) renders
237 the stream undecodable.
241 \subsubsection{packet decode}
243 Format 0 and 1 packet decode is identical except for specific
244 partition interleave. Format 2 packet decode can be built out of the
245 format 1 decode process. Thus we describe first the decode
246 infrastructure identical to all three formats.
248 In addition to configuration information, the residue decode process
249 is passed the number of vectors in the submap bundle and a vector of
250 flags indicating if any of the vectors are not to be decoded. If the
251 passed in number of vectors is 3 and vector number 1 is marked 'do not
252 decode', decode skips vector 1 during the decode loop. However, even
253 'do not decode' vectors are allocated and zeroed.
255 Depending on the values of \varname{[residue_begin]} and
256 \varname{[residue_end]}, it is obvious that the encoded
257 portion of a residue vector may be the entire possible residue vector
258 or some other strict subset of the actual residue vector size with
259 zero padding at either uncoded end. However, it is also possible to
260 set \varname{[residue_begin]} and
261 \varname{[residue_end]} to specify a range partially or
262 wholly beyond the maximum vector size. Before beginning residue
263 decode, limit \varname{[residue_begin]} and
264 \varname{[residue_end]} to the maximum possible vector size
265 as follows. We assume that the number of vectors being encoded,
266 \varname{[ch]} is provided by the higher level decoding
269 \begin{programlisting}
270 1) [actual_size] = current blocksize/2;
271 2) if residue encoding is format 2
272 3) [actual_size] = [actual_size] * [ch];
273 4) [limit_residue_begin] = maximum of ([residue_begin],[actual_size]);
274 5) [limit_residue_end] = maximum of ([residue_end],[actual_size]);
277 The following convenience values are conceptually useful to clarifying
280 \begin{programlisting}
281 1) [classwords_per_codeword] = [codebook_dimensions] value of codebook [residue_classbook]
282 2) [n_to_read] = [limit_residue_end] - [limit_residue_begin]
283 3) [partitions_to_read] = [n_to_read] / [residue_partition_size]
286 Packet decode proceeds as follows, matching the description offered earlier in the document.
287 \begin{programlisting}
288 1) allocate and zero all vectors that will be returned.
289 2) if ([n_to_read] is zero), stop; there is no residue to decode.
290 3) iterate [pass] over the range 0 ... 7 {
292 4) [partition_count] = 0
294 5) while [partition_count] is less than [partitions_to_read]
296 6) if ([pass] is zero) {
298 7) iterate [j] over the range 0 .. [ch]-1 {
300 8) if vector [j] is not marked 'do not decode' {
302 9) [temp] = read from packet using codebook [residue_classbook] in scalar context
303 10) iterate [i] descending over the range [classwords_per_codeword]-1 ... 0 {
305 11) array [classifications] element [j],([i]+[partition_count]) =
306 [temp] integer modulo [residue_classifications]
307 12) [temp] = [temp] / [residue_classifications] using integer division
317 13) iterate [i] over the range 0 .. ([classwords_per_codeword] - 1) while [partition_count]
318 is also less than [partitions_to_read] {
320 14) iterate [j] over the range 0 .. [ch]-1 {
322 15) if vector [j] is not marked 'do not decode' {
324 16) [vqclass] = array [classifications] element [j],[partition_count]
325 17) [vqbook] = array [residue_books] element [vqclass],[pass]
326 18) if ([vqbook] is not 'unused') {
328 19) decode partition into output vector number [j], starting at scalar
329 offset [limit_residue_begin]+[partition_count]*[residue_partition_size] using
330 codebook number [vqbook] in VQ context
334 20) increment [partition_count] by one
344 An end-of-packet condition during packet decode is to be considered a
345 nominal occurrence. Decode returns the result of vector decode up to
350 \subsubsection{format 0 specifics}
352 Format zero decodes partitions exactly as described earlier in the
353 'Residue Format: residue 0' section. The following pseudocode
354 presents the same algorithm. Assume:
357 \item \varname{[n]} is the value in \varname{[residue_partition_size]}
358 \item \varname{[v]} is the residue vector
359 \item \varname{[offset]} is the beginning read offset in [v]
363 \begin{programlisting}
364 1) [step] = [n] / [codebook_dimensions]
365 2) iterate [i] over the range 0 ... [step]-1 {
367 3) vector [entry_temp] = read vector from packet using current codebook in VQ context
368 4) iterate [j] over the range 0 ... [codebook_dimensions]-1 {
370 5) vector [v] element ([offset]+[i]+[j]*[step]) =
371 vector [v] element ([offset]+[i]+[j]*[step]) +
372 vector [entry_temp] element [j]
384 \subsubsection{format 1 specifics}
386 Format 1 decodes partitions exactly as described earlier in the
387 'Residue Format: residue 1' section. The following pseudocode
388 presents the same algorithm. Assume:
391 \item \varname{[n]} is the value in
392 \varname{[residue_partition_size]}
393 \item \varname{[v]} is the residue vector
394 \item \varname{[offset]} is the beginning read offset in [v]
398 \begin{programlisting}
400 2) vector [entry_temp] = read vector from packet using current codebook in VQ context
401 3) iterate [j] over the range 0 ... [codebook_dimensions]-1 {
403 4) vector [v] element ([offset]+[i]) =
404 vector [v] element ([offset]+[i]) +
405 vector [entry_temp] element [j]
410 6) if ( [i] is less than [n] ) continue at step 2
416 \subsubsection{format 2 specifics}
418 Format 2 is reducible to format 1. It may be implemented as an additional step prior to and an additional post-decode step after a normal format 1 decode.
421 Format 2 handles 'do not decode' vectors differently than residue 0 or
422 1; if all vectors are marked 'do not decode', no decode occurrs.
423 However, if at least one vector is to be decoded, all the vectors are
424 decoded. We then request normal format 1 to decode a single vector
425 representing all output channels, rather than a vector for each
426 channel. After decode, deinterleave the vector into independent vectors, one for each output channel. That is:
429 \item If all vectors 0 through \emph{ch}-1 are marked 'do not decode', allocate and clear a single vector \varname{[v]}of length \emph{ch*n} and skip step 2 below; proceed directly to the post-decode step.
430 \item Rather than performing format 1 decode to produce \emph{ch} vectors of length \emph{n} each, call format 1 decode to produce a single vector \varname{[v]} of length \emph{ch*n}.
431 \item Post decode: Deinterleave the single vector \varname{[v]} returned by format 1 decode as described above into \emph{ch} independent vectors, one for each outputchannel, according to:
432 \begin{programlisting}
433 1) iterate [i] over the range 0 ... [n]-1 {
435 2) iterate [j] over the range 0 ... [ch]-1 {
437 3) output vector number [j] element [i] = vector [v] element ([i] * [ch] + [j])